Thermal conduction is the transfer of heat () by microscopic collisions of particles and movement of electrons within a body. The microscopically colliding particles, that include molecules, atoms and electrons, transfer disorganized microscopic kinetic and potential energy, jointly known as internal energy. Conduction takes place in all phases of including solids, liquids, gases and waves. The rate at which energy is conducted as heat between two bodies is a function of the temperature difference () between the two bodies and the properties of the conductive medium through which the heat is transferred. Thermal conduction was originally called diffusion. Conduction: transfer of heat via direct contact. Heat spontaneously flows from a hotter to a colder body.

Heat transfer by conduction (also known as diffusion heat transfer) is the flow of thermal energy within solids and non-flowing fluids, driven by As explained there, the solution to heat-transfer problems can be directly applied, with the appropriate change of variables, to mass-transfer problems.

For example, heat is conducted from the hotplate of an electric stove to the bottom of a saucepan in contact with it. In the absence of an external driving energy source to the contrary, within a body or between bodies, differences decay over time, and is approached, temperature becoming more uniform. In conduction, the heat flow is within and through the body itself. In contrast, in heat transfer by, the transfer is often between bodies, which may be separated spatially. Also possible is transfer of heat by a combination of conduction and thermal radiation. In convection, internal energy is carried between bodies by a moving material carrier. In solids, conduction is mediated by the combination of vibrations and collisions of molecules, of propagation and collisions of [phonons], and of diffusion and collisions of.

In gases and liquids, conduction is due to the collisions and of molecules during their random motion. In this context do not collide with one another, and so heat transport by is conceptually distinct from heat conduction by microscopic diffusion and collisions of material particles and phonons. But the distinction is often not easily observed, unless the material is semi-transparent. In the engineering sciences, heat transfer includes the processes of,, and sometimes mass transfer. Usually, more than one of these processes occurs in a given situation.

The conventional symbol for is k. • Dai; et al.

Applied Mechanics and Materials. 846: 500-505.

CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. () • The contains a variety of transient expressions for heat conduction, along with algorithms and computer code for obtaining precise numerical values. • Sam Zhang; Dongliang Zhao (19 November 2012).

Retrieved 7 May 2013. • Martin Eein (2002). Retrieved 7 May 2013.

• Rajiv Asthana; Ashok Kumar; Narendra B. Dahotre (9 January 2006).

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Retrieved 7 May 2013. Totten (2002). Visualcam 2015 crack. ASM International. Retrieved 7 May 2013. A Survey of Thermodynamics, American Institute of Physics, New York,, page 23. • Thermal Conductivity analyzer • Gas Sensor application • Dehghani, F 2007, CHNG2801 – Conservation and Transport Processes: Course Notes, University of Sydney, Sydney • John H Lienhard IV and John H Lienhard V, 'A Heat Transfer Textbook', Third Edition, Phlogyston Press, Cambridge Massachusetts External links [ ] • – Thermal-FluidsPedia • by Jeff Bryant based on a program by,.

Smith Ralph C. Smith Email: Telephone: (919) 515-7552 Fax: (919) 515-1636 Office: SAS 4140 Office hours: Box 8205, Raleigh NC 27695, USA Ralph Smith is a Distinguished University Professor of Mathematics in the North Carolina State University Department of Mathematics, Associate Director of the and a member of the Operations Research Program.