Motivation • Directive-based GPU programming models are gaining momentum since they transparently relieve programmers from dealing with complex language syntax of low-level GPU programming, which often involves diverse architectural details. • However, too much abstraction in directive models puts a significant burden on programmers in terms of debugging and performance optimizations. • To improve debuggability/tunability for the directive-based GPU programming models, we must have a systematic approach that exposes more information to programmers while still maintaining high-level abstraction. Serial number delphi 2010 free. • To facilitate research on other important features, such as resilience and scalability, more intuitive and extensible compiler framework will be need.

Open Accelerator Research Compiler (OpenARC) OpenARC is a new, open source compiler framework, which provides extensible environment, where various performance optimizations, traceability mechanisms, fault tolerance techniques, etc., can be built for better debuggability/performance/resilience on the complex accelerator computing. OpenARC has the following salient features: • OpenARC is the first open source compiler supporting full features of and subset of v2.0, which allows full research contexts on directive-based GPU computing.

• OpenARC is designed with extensibility in mind. Built on top of, OpenARC is equipped with various advanced compile-time analysis and transformation techniques, which provide basic building blocks to easily create more advanced compiler passes. Combined with its very high-level intermediate representation (IR) augmented with a rich set of directives, OpenARC provides a powerful research framework for various source-to-source translation and instrumentation experiments, even for porting various Domain-Specific Languages (DSLs). • Within OpenARC, various traceability mechanisms can be implemented to keep the connection between input directive models and output codes/performance, because OpenARC has clear separation between analysis passes and transformation passes, and all compiler passes communicate with each other through annotations. • As an OpenACC directive compiler, OpenARC has various additional directives/environment variables for internal tracing and GPU-specific optimizations. Combined with its built-in tuning tools, OpenARC allows users to control overall OpenACC-to-GPU translation and optimization in a fine-grained, but still abstract manner, offering very high tunability.

Extensible Program Representation in OpenARC Built on top of the Cetus compiler infrastructure, OpenARC's program representation inherits several of its predecessor's salient features. OpenARC's IR is implemented in the form of a Java class hierarchy, and it provides an Abstract Syntax Tree (AST)-like syntactic view of the input program that makes it easy for compiler-pass writers to analyze and transform the input program. As shown in the above figure, the Program class type represents the entire program that may consist of multiple source files, and the TranslationUnit class type represents each of the source files. Each TranslationUnit object contains IR objects of two base types: Declaration and Statement. Each Declaration object contains Declarator IR objects, and each Statement object consists Expression IR objects. Other IR class types for specific language constructs are derived from these base classes (e.g., DeclarationStatement represents a Statement that contains a Declaration).

This hierarchical IR class structure provides complete data abstraction such that compiler-pass writers need only manipulate the objects through access functions, thus the AST-like view. OpenARC supports the following important features derived from Cetus. • Traversable IR objects. All OpenARC IR objects extend a base class Traversable, which provides the basic functionality to iterate over IR objects. Combined with various built-in iterators (e.g., BreadthFirst, DepthFirst, Flat, etc.), these provide easy traversal and search over the AST-like, n-ary tree structures of the program representation. • Rich Annotations.

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